qemu-block-extra

Extra block backend modules for qemu-system and qemu-utils
QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports Alpha, ARM, CRIS, i386, LoongArch, M68k (ColdFire), MicroBlaze, MIPS, PowerPC, RISC-V, S390x, SH4, SPARC, x86-64, Xtensa and other emulations. By using dynamic translation it achieves reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host CPUs.

This package provides extra block device backend modules for qemu-system emulation and qemu-img from qemu-utils package, which are rarely used and has extra dependencies.

Installed size: 372 KB
How to install: sudo apt install qemu-block-extra

qemu-guest-agent

Guest-side qemu-system agent
QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports Alpha, ARM, CRIS, i386, LoongArch, M68k (ColdFire), MicroBlaze, MIPS, PowerPC, RISC-V, S390x, SH4, SPARC, x86-64, Xtensa and other emulations. By using dynamic translation it achieves reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host CPUs.

This package provides a daemon (agent) to run inside qemu-system guests (full system emulation). It communicates with the host using a virtio-serial channel org.qemu.guest_agent.0, and allows one to perform some functions in the guest from the host, including:

• querying and setting guest system time
• performing guest filesystem sync operation
• initiating guest shutdown or suspend to ram
• accessing guest files
• freezing/thawing guest filesystem operations
• others.

Install this package on a system which is running as guest inside qemu virtual machine. It is not used on the host.

Installed size: 3.74 MB
How to install: sudo apt install qemu-guest-agent

qemu-ga

QEMU Guest Agent

root@kali:~# qemu-ga -h
Usage: qemu-ga [-m <method> -p <path>] [<options>]
QEMU Guest Agent 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers

  -c, --config=PATH configuration file path (default is
                    /etc/qemu/qemu-ga.conf/qemu-ga.conf
                    unless overridden by the QGA_CONF environment variable)
  -m, --method      transport method: one of unix-listen, virtio-serial,
                    isa-serial, or vsock-listen (virtio-serial is the default)
  -p, --path        device/socket path (the default for virtio-serial is:
                    /dev/virtio-ports/org.qemu.guest_agent.0,
                    the default for isa-serial is:
                    /dev/ttyS0).
                    Socket addresses for vsock-listen are written as
                    <cid>:<port>.
  -l, --logfile     set logfile path, logs to stderr by default
  -f, --pidfile     specify pidfile (default is /var/run/qemu-ga.pid)
  -F, --fsfreeze-hook
                    enable fsfreeze hook. Accepts an optional argument that
                    specifies script to run on freeze/thaw. Script will be
                    called with 'freeze'/'thaw' arguments accordingly.
                    (default is /etc/qemu/fsfreeze-hook)
                    If using -F with an argument, do not follow -F with a
                    space.
                    (for example: -F/var/run/fsfreezehook.sh)
  -t, --statedir    specify dir to store state information (absolute paths
                    only, default is /var/run)
  -v, --verbose     log extra debugging information
  -V, --version     print version information and exit
  -d, --daemonize   become a daemon
  -b, --block-rpcs  comma-separated list of RPCs to disable (no spaces,
                    use "--block-rpcs=help" to list available RPCs)
  -a, --allow-rpcs  comma-separated list of RPCs to enable (no spaces,
                    use "--allow-rpcs=help" to list available RPCs)
  -D, --dump-conf   dump a qemu-ga config file based on current config
                    options / command-line parameters to stdout
  -r, --retry-path  attempt re-opening path if it's unavailable or closed
                    due to an error which may be recoverable in the future
                    (virtio-serial driver re-install, serial device hot
                    plug/unplug, etc.)
  -h, --help        display this help and exit

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system

QEMU full system emulation binaries
QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports Alpha, ARM, CRIS, i386, LoongArch, M68k (ColdFire), MicroBlaze, MIPS, PowerPC, RISC-V, S390x, SH4, SPARC, x86-64, Xtensa and other emulations. By using dynamic translation it achieves reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host CPUs.

This metapackage provides the full system emulation binaries for all supported targets, by depending on all per-architecture system emulation packages which QEMU supports.

Installed size: 80 KB
How to install: sudo apt install qemu-system

qemu-system-arm

QEMU full system emulation binaries (arm)
QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports ARM emulation. By using dynamic translation it achieves reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host CPUs.

This package provides the full system emulation binaries to emulate the following arm hardware: aarch64 (arm64) arm (armel armhf).

In system emulation mode QEMU emulates a full system, including a processor and various peripherals. It enables easier testing and debugging of system code. It can also be used to provide virtual hosting of several virtual machines on a single server.

Installed size: 65.97 MB
How to install: sudo apt install qemu-system-arm

qemu-system-aarch64

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-aarch64 -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-aarch64 [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>
-smbios file=binary
                load SMBIOS entry from binary file
-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d]
              [,uefi=on|off][,vm=on|off]
                specify SMBIOS type 0 fields
-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 1 fields
-smbios type=2[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,asset=str][,location=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 2 fields
-smbios type=3[,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str]
              [,sku=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 3 fields
-smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=str][,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,asset=str][,part=str][,max-speed=%d][,current-speed=%d]
              [,processor-family=%d][,processor-id=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 4 fields
-smbios type=8[,external_reference=str][,internal_reference=str][,connector_type=%d][,port_type=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 8 fields
-smbios type=11[,value=str][,path=filename]
                specify SMBIOS type 11 fields
-smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=str][,bank=str][,manufacturer=str][,serial=str]
               [,asset=str][,part=str][,speed=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 17 fields
-smbios type=41[,designation=str][,kind=str][,instance=%d][,pcidev=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 41 fields

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-enable-kvm     enable KVM full virtualization support
-xen-domid id   specify xen guest domain id
-xen-attach     attach to existing xen domain
                libxl will use this when starting QEMU
-xen-domid-restrict     restrict set of available xen operations
                        to specified domain id. (Does not affect
                        xenpv machine type).
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-semihosting    semihosting mode
-semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,chardev=id][,userspace=on|off][,arg=str[,...]]
                semihosting configuration
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-arm

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-arm -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-arm [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>
-smbios file=binary
                load SMBIOS entry from binary file
-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d]
              [,uefi=on|off][,vm=on|off]
                specify SMBIOS type 0 fields
-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 1 fields
-smbios type=2[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,asset=str][,location=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 2 fields
-smbios type=3[,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str]
              [,sku=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 3 fields
-smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=str][,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,asset=str][,part=str][,max-speed=%d][,current-speed=%d]
              [,processor-family=%d][,processor-id=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 4 fields
-smbios type=8[,external_reference=str][,internal_reference=str][,connector_type=%d][,port_type=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 8 fields
-smbios type=11[,value=str][,path=filename]
                specify SMBIOS type 11 fields
-smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=str][,bank=str][,manufacturer=str][,serial=str]
               [,asset=str][,part=str][,speed=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 17 fields
-smbios type=41[,designation=str][,kind=str][,instance=%d][,pcidev=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 41 fields

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-enable-kvm     enable KVM full virtualization support
-xen-domid id   specify xen guest domain id
-xen-attach     attach to existing xen domain
                libxl will use this when starting QEMU
-xen-domid-restrict     restrict set of available xen operations
                        to specified domain id. (Does not affect
                        xenpv machine type).
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-semihosting    semihosting mode
-semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,chardev=id][,userspace=on|off][,arg=str[,...]]
                semihosting configuration
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-arm64

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-arm64 -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-arm64 [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>
-smbios file=binary
                load SMBIOS entry from binary file
-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d]
              [,uefi=on|off][,vm=on|off]
                specify SMBIOS type 0 fields
-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 1 fields
-smbios type=2[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,asset=str][,location=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 2 fields
-smbios type=3[,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str]
              [,sku=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 3 fields
-smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=str][,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,asset=str][,part=str][,max-speed=%d][,current-speed=%d]
              [,processor-family=%d][,processor-id=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 4 fields
-smbios type=8[,external_reference=str][,internal_reference=str][,connector_type=%d][,port_type=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 8 fields
-smbios type=11[,value=str][,path=filename]
                specify SMBIOS type 11 fields
-smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=str][,bank=str][,manufacturer=str][,serial=str]
               [,asset=str][,part=str][,speed=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 17 fields
-smbios type=41[,designation=str][,kind=str][,instance=%d][,pcidev=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 41 fields

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-enable-kvm     enable KVM full virtualization support
-xen-domid id   specify xen guest domain id
-xen-attach     attach to existing xen domain
                libxl will use this when starting QEMU
-xen-domid-restrict     restrict set of available xen operations
                        to specified domain id. (Does not affect
                        xenpv machine type).
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-semihosting    semihosting mode
-semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,chardev=id][,userspace=on|off][,arg=str[,...]]
                semihosting configuration
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-armel

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-armel -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-armel [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>
-smbios file=binary
                load SMBIOS entry from binary file
-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d]
              [,uefi=on|off][,vm=on|off]
                specify SMBIOS type 0 fields
-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 1 fields
-smbios type=2[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,asset=str][,location=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 2 fields
-smbios type=3[,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str]
              [,sku=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 3 fields
-smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=str][,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,asset=str][,part=str][,max-speed=%d][,current-speed=%d]
              [,processor-family=%d][,processor-id=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 4 fields
-smbios type=8[,external_reference=str][,internal_reference=str][,connector_type=%d][,port_type=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 8 fields
-smbios type=11[,value=str][,path=filename]
                specify SMBIOS type 11 fields
-smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=str][,bank=str][,manufacturer=str][,serial=str]
               [,asset=str][,part=str][,speed=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 17 fields
-smbios type=41[,designation=str][,kind=str][,instance=%d][,pcidev=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 41 fields

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-enable-kvm     enable KVM full virtualization support
-xen-domid id   specify xen guest domain id
-xen-attach     attach to existing xen domain
                libxl will use this when starting QEMU
-xen-domid-restrict     restrict set of available xen operations
                        to specified domain id. (Does not affect
                        xenpv machine type).
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-semihosting    semihosting mode
-semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,chardev=id][,userspace=on|off][,arg=str[,...]]
                semihosting configuration
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-armhf

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-armhf -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-armhf [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>
-smbios file=binary
                load SMBIOS entry from binary file
-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d]
              [,uefi=on|off][,vm=on|off]
                specify SMBIOS type 0 fields
-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 1 fields
-smbios type=2[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,asset=str][,location=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 2 fields
-smbios type=3[,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str]
              [,sku=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 3 fields
-smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=str][,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,asset=str][,part=str][,max-speed=%d][,current-speed=%d]
              [,processor-family=%d][,processor-id=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 4 fields
-smbios type=8[,external_reference=str][,internal_reference=str][,connector_type=%d][,port_type=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 8 fields
-smbios type=11[,value=str][,path=filename]
                specify SMBIOS type 11 fields
-smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=str][,bank=str][,manufacturer=str][,serial=str]
               [,asset=str][,part=str][,speed=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 17 fields
-smbios type=41[,designation=str][,kind=str][,instance=%d][,pcidev=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 41 fields

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-enable-kvm     enable KVM full virtualization support
-xen-domid id   specify xen guest domain id
-xen-attach     attach to existing xen domain
                libxl will use this when starting QEMU
-xen-domid-restrict     restrict set of available xen operations
                        to specified domain id. (Does not affect
                        xenpv machine type).
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-semihosting    semihosting mode
-semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,chardev=id][,userspace=on|off][,arg=str[,...]]
                semihosting configuration
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-common

QEMU full system emulation binaries (common files)
QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports Alpha, ARM, CRIS, i386, LoongArch, M68k (ColdFire), MicroBlaze, MIPS, PowerPC, RISC-V, S390x, SH4, SPARC, x86-64, Xtensa and other emulations. By using dynamic translation it achieves reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host CPUs.

This package provides common files needed for target-specific full system emulation (qemu-system-*) packages.

Installed size: 3.93 MB
How to install: sudo apt install qemu-system-common

qemu-pr-helper

QEMU persistent reservation helper

root@kali:~# qemu-pr-helper -h
Usage: qemu-pr-helper [OPTIONS] FILE
Persistent Reservation helper program for QEMU

  -h, --help                display this help and exit
  -V, --version             output version information and exit

  -d, --daemon              run in the background
  -f, --pidfile=PATH        PID file when running as a daemon
                            (default '/var/run/qemu-pr-helper.pid')
  -k, --socket=PATH         path to the unix socket
                            (default '/var/run/qemu-pr-helper.sock')
  -T, --trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                            specify tracing options
  -u, --user=USER           user to drop privileges to
  -g, --group=GROUP         group to drop privileges to

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-vmsr-helper

qemu-system-data

QEMU full system emulation (data files)
This package provides architecture-neutral data files (such as keyboard definitions, icons) for system-mode QEMU emulation (qemu-system-*) packages.

Installed size: 18.78 MB
How to install: sudo apt install qemu-system-data

qemu-system-gui

QEMU full system emulation binaries (graphical display and audio modules)
This package provides optional graphical guest display modules (currently GTK and SDL) and audio backend modules for full system emulation (qemu-system-*) packages.

This package is not a management/control/GUI interface for qemu, use something else (like virt-manager) for that.

Installed size: 1.14 MB
How to install: sudo apt install qemu-system-gui

qemu-system-mips

QEMU full system emulation binaries (mips)
QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports MIPS emulation. By using dynamic translation it achieves reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host CPUs.

This package provides the full system emulation binaries to emulate the following mips hardware: mips mipsel mips64 mips64el.

In system emulation mode QEMU emulates a full system, including a processor and various peripherals. It enables easier testing and debugging of system code. It can also be used to provide virtual hosting of several virtual machines on a single server.

Installed size: 60.40 MB
How to install: sudo apt install qemu-system-mips

qemu-system-mips

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-mips -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-mips [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-enable-kvm     enable KVM full virtualization support
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-semihosting    semihosting mode
-semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,chardev=id][,userspace=on|off][,arg=str[,...]]
                semihosting configuration
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-mips64

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-mips64 -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-mips64 [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-enable-kvm     enable KVM full virtualization support
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-semihosting    semihosting mode
-semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,chardev=id][,userspace=on|off][,arg=str[,...]]
                semihosting configuration
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-mips64el

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-mips64el -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-mips64el [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-enable-kvm     enable KVM full virtualization support
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-semihosting    semihosting mode
-semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,chardev=id][,userspace=on|off][,arg=str[,...]]
                semihosting configuration
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-mipsel

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-mipsel -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-mipsel [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-enable-kvm     enable KVM full virtualization support
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-semihosting    semihosting mode
-semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,chardev=id][,userspace=on|off][,arg=str[,...]]
                semihosting configuration
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-misc

QEMU full system emulation binaries (miscellaneous)
QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports Alpha, ARM, CRIS, i386, LoongArch, M68k (ColdFire), MicroBlaze, MIPS, PowerPC, RISC-V, S390x, SH4, SPARC, x86-64, Xtensa and other emulations. By using dynamic translation it achieves reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host CPUs.

This package provides the full system emulation binaries to emulate various other hardware which did not made into separate packages. Emulators for the following architectures are provided: alpha avr hppa m68k loongarch64 (loong64) microblaze microblazeel or1k rx sh4 sh4eb tricore xtensa xtensaeb.

In system emulation mode QEMU emulates a full system, including a processor and various peripherals. It enables easier testing and debugging of system code. It can also be used to provide virtual hosting of several virtual machines on a single server.

Installed size: 166.52 MB
How to install: sudo apt install qemu-system-misc

qemu-system-alpha

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-alpha -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-alpha [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-avr

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-avr -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-avr [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-hppa

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-hppa -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-hppa [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-loong64

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-loong64 -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-loong64 [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>
-smbios file=binary
                load SMBIOS entry from binary file
-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d]
              [,uefi=on|off][,vm=on|off]
                specify SMBIOS type 0 fields
-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 1 fields
-smbios type=2[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,asset=str][,location=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 2 fields
-smbios type=3[,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str]
              [,sku=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 3 fields
-smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=str][,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,asset=str][,part=str][,max-speed=%d][,current-speed=%d]
              [,processor-family=%d][,processor-id=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 4 fields
-smbios type=8[,external_reference=str][,internal_reference=str][,connector_type=%d][,port_type=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 8 fields
-smbios type=11[,value=str][,path=filename]
                specify SMBIOS type 11 fields
-smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=str][,bank=str][,manufacturer=str][,serial=str]
               [,asset=str][,part=str][,speed=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 17 fields
-smbios type=41[,designation=str][,kind=str][,instance=%d][,pcidev=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 41 fields

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-loongarch64

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-loongarch64 -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-loongarch64 [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>
-smbios file=binary
                load SMBIOS entry from binary file
-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d]
              [,uefi=on|off][,vm=on|off]
                specify SMBIOS type 0 fields
-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 1 fields
-smbios type=2[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,asset=str][,location=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 2 fields
-smbios type=3[,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str]
              [,sku=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 3 fields
-smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=str][,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str]
              [,asset=str][,part=str][,max-speed=%d][,current-speed=%d]
              [,processor-family=%d][,processor-id=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 4 fields
-smbios type=8[,external_reference=str][,internal_reference=str][,connector_type=%d][,port_type=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 8 fields
-smbios type=11[,value=str][,path=filename]
                specify SMBIOS type 11 fields
-smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=str][,bank=str][,manufacturer=str][,serial=str]
               [,asset=str][,part=str][,speed=%d]
                specify SMBIOS type 17 fields
-smbios type=41[,designation=str][,kind=str][,instance=%d][,pcidev=str]
                specify SMBIOS type 41 fields

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-m68k

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-m68k -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-m68k [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-g WxH[xDEPTH]  Set the initial graphical resolution and depth
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-semihosting    semihosting mode
-semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,chardev=id][,userspace=on|off][,arg=str[,...]]
                semihosting configuration
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-microblaze

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-microblaze -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-microblaze [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-microblazeel

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-microblazeel -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-microblazeel [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-or1k

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-or1k -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-or1k [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-rx

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-rx -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-rx [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-sh4

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-sh4 -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-sh4 [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-sh4eb

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-sh4eb -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-sh4eb [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-tricore

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-tricore -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-tricore [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-xtensa

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-xtensa -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-xtensa [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
                use 'src=' to specify source address
                use 'dst=' to specify destination address
                use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
                use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
                use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
                use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
                L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
                well as a weak security measure
                use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
                use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
                use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
                use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
                use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
                use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using a socket connection in stream mode.
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]
-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]
                configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
                use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]
-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor
                configure a network backend to connect to another network
                using an UDP tunnel
-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
                configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch
                running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.
                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default
                ownership and permissions for communication port.
-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev
                use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device
-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]
                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'
-nic [tap|bridge|passt|user|l2tpv3|vde|vhost-user|socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]
                initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address
                macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend
-nic none       use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to
                provided a 'user' network connection)
-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
                configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and
                connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)
-net [passt|user|tap|bridge|vde|socket][,option][,option][,...]
                old way to initialize a host network interface
                (use the -netdev option if possible instead)

Character device options:
-chardev help
-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
         [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)
-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)
-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
         [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]
         [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
         [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]

TPM device options:
-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
                use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
                use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
                not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
                configure the TPM device using chardev backend

Boot Image or Kernel specific:
-bios file      set the filename for the BIOS
-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image
-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
-shim shim.efi use 'shim.efi' to boot the kernel
-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk
-dtb    file    use 'file' as device tree image

Debug/Expert options:
-compat [deprecated-input=accept|reject|crash][,deprecated-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling deprecated management interfaces
-compat [unstable-input=accept|reject|crash][,unstable-output=accept|hide]
                Policy for handling unstable management interfaces
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
-fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
                add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
-qmp dev        like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
-qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
-debugcon dev   redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
-pidfile file   write PID to 'file'
--preconfig     pause QEMU before machine is initialized (experimental)
-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
-overcommit [mem-lock=on|off|on-fault][cpu-pm=on|off]
                run qemu with overcommit hints
                mem-lock=on|off|on-fault controls memory lock support (default: off)
                cpu-pm=on|off controls cpu power management (default: off)
-gdb dev        accept gdb connection on 'dev'. (QEMU defaults to starting
                the guest without waiting for gdb to connect; use -S too
                if you want it to not start execution.)
-s              shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
-d item1,...    enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
-D logfile      output log to logfile (default stderr)
-dfilter range,..  filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
-seed number       seed the pseudo-random number generator
-L path         set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
-no-reboot      exit instead of rebooting
-no-shutdown    stop before shutdown
-action reboot=reset|shutdown
                   action when guest reboots [default=reset]
-action shutdown=poweroff|pause
                   action when guest shuts down [default=poweroff]
-action panic=pause|shutdown|exit-failure|none
                   action when guest panics [default=shutdown]
-action watchdog=reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                   action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-loadvm [tag|id]
                start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
-daemonize      daemonize QEMU after initializing
-option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|<datetime>][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
                set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
-icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>[,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]]
                enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
                instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
                or disable real time cpu sleeping, and optionally enable
                record-and-replay mode
-watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|inject-nmi|pause|debug|none
                action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
-echr chr       set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
-incoming unix:socketpath
                prepare for incoming migration, listen on
                specified protocol and socket address
-incoming fd:fd
-incoming file:filename[,offset=offset]
-incoming exec:cmdline
                accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
                or from given external command
-incoming <channel>
                accept incoming migration on the migration channel
-incoming defer
                wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
-only-migratable     allow only migratable devices
-nodefaults     don't create default devices
-semihosting    semihosting mode
-semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,chardev=id][,userspace=on|off][,arg=str[,...]]
                semihosting configuration
-sandbox on[,obsolete=allow|deny][,elevateprivileges=allow|deny|children]
          [,spawn=allow|deny][,resourcecontrol=allow|deny]
                Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
                use 'obsolete' to allow obsolete system calls that are provided
                    by the kernel, but typically no longer used by modern
                    C library implementations.
                use 'elevateprivileges' to allow or deny the QEMU process ability
                    to elevate privileges using set*uid|gid system calls.
                    The value 'children' will deny set*uid|gid system calls for
                    main QEMU process but will allow forks and execves to run unprivileged
                use 'spawn' to avoid QEMU to spawn new threads or processes by
                     blocking *fork and execve
                use 'resourcecontrol' to disable process affinity and schedular priority
-readconfig <file>
                read config file
-no-user-config
                do not load default user-provided config files at startup
-trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
                specify tracing options
-plugin [file=]<file>[,<argname>=<argvalue>]
                load a plugin
-run-with [async-teardown=on|off][,chroot=dir]
          [,exit-with-parent=on|off][,user=username|uid:gid]
                Set miscellaneous QEMU process lifecycle options:
                async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown (Linux only)
                exit-with-parent=on causes QEMU to exit if the parent
                  process of QEMU exits (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS only)
                chroot=dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
                user=username switch to the specified user before starting the VM
                user=uid:gid ditto, but use specified user-ID and group-ID instead
-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name=[on|off]]
                control error message format
                timestamp=on enables timestamps (default: off)
                guest-name=on enables guest name prefix but only if
                              -name guest option is set (default: off)
-dump-vmstate <file>
                Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
                Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
                check for possible regressions in migration code
                by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
-enable-sync-profile
                enable synchronization profiling
-perfmap        generate a /tmp/perf-${pid}.map file for perf
-jitdump        generate a jit-${pid}.dump file for perf

Generic object creation:
-object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
                create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
                in the order they are specified.  Note that the 'id'
                property must be set.  These objects are placed in the
                '/objects' path.

During emulation, the following keys are useful:
ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen
ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'
ctrl-alt-g      toggle mouse and keyboard grab

When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.

See <https://qemu.org/contribute/report-a-bug> for how to report bugs.
More information on the QEMU project at <https://qemu.org>.

qemu-system-xtensaeb

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-xtensaeb -h
QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1)
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
usage: qemu-system-xtensaeb [options] [disk_image]

'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options:
-h or -help     display this help and exit
-version        display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
                selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg)
                vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
                dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
                mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
                aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
                dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
                suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
                nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
                memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)
                hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)
                spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on)
                aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off)
                memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)
                cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
                smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel
                sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid
-cpu cpu        select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]
                select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use 'help' for a list)
                igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)
                kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)
                kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
                one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)
                split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)
                tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)
                dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)
                eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)
                notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)
                thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)
                device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)
-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]
               [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]
               [,threads=threads]
                set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
                maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including
                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
                drawers= number of drawers on the machine board
                books= number of books in one drawer
                sockets= number of sockets in one book
                dies= number of dies in one socket
                clusters= number of clusters in one die
                modules= number of modules in one cluster
                cores= number of cores in one module
                threads= number of threads in one core
Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology
      parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters
      will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a
      three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will
      sequentially mean as below:
                sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board
                cores means the number of cores in one socket
                threads means the number of threads in one core
      For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy
      can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters
      can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values
      must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]
-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance
-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]
-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
                Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
-set group.id.arg=value
                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
-global driver.property=value
-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
                set a global default for a driver property
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
                'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
                configure guest RAM
                size: initial amount of guest memory
                slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
                maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
                Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM
-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not
                used to create a machine or sound device;                options are the same as for -audiodev
-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend and device to use;
                apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.
                use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.
-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                specifies the audio backend to use
                Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers
                id= identifier of the backend
                timer-period= timer period in microseconds
                in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU
                in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio
                in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings
                in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings
                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings
                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32
                in|out.voices= number of voices to use
                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds
-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]
                dummy driver that discards all output
-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use
                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts
-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode
                try-mmap= try using memory mapped access
                exclusive= open device in exclusive mode
                dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode
-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                server= PulseAudio server address
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.name= source/sink device name
                in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream
                in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds
-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers
-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
                path= path of wav file to record
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
                add device (based on driver)
                prop=value,... sets driver properties
                use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
                use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
                set the name of the guest
                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name
                When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name
                NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
                specify machine UUID

Block device options:
-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image
-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image
-cdrom file     use 'file' as CD-ROM image
-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
          [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
          [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]
          [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
          [,driver specific parameters...]
                configure a block backend
-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
       [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
       [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]
       [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]
       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
       [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
       [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
       [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
       [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
       [[,iops_size=is]]
       [[,group=g]]
                use 'file' as a drive image
-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files
-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
 [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
 [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
 [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
 [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
-fsdev synth,id=id
-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none
        [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]
-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]
-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]
       [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]
       [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
       [,timeout=timeout]
                iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options:
-usb            enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)
-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'

Display options:
-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]
-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]
            [,window-close=on|off]
-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]
            [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]
            [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]
-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]
-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]
             [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]
-display none
                select display backend type
                The default display is equivalent to
                "-display gtk"
-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
       [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
       [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
       [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]
       [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]
       [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
       [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
       [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]
       [,password-secret=<secret-id>]
       [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
       [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
       [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]
       [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
       [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
       [,video-codec=<codec>
       [,max-refresh-rate=rate
       [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
                enable spice
                at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
                select video card type
-full-screen    start in full screen
-vnc <display>  shorthand for -display vnc=<display>

Network options:
-netdev passt,id=str[,path=file][,quiet=on|off][,vhost-user=on|off]
[,mtu=mtu][,address=addr][,netmask=mask][,mac=addr][,gateway=addr]
          [,interface=name][,outbound=address][,outbound-if4=name]
          [,outbound-if6=name][,dns=addr][,search=list][,fqdn=name]
          [,dhcp-dns=on|off][,dhcp-search=on|off][,map-host-loopback=addr]
          [,map-guest-addr=addr][,dns-forward=addr][,dns-host=addr]
          [,tcp=on|off][,udp=on|off][,icmp=on|off][,dhcp=on|off]
          [,ndp=on|off][,dhcpv6=on|off][,ra=on|off][,freebind=on|off]
          [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,tcp-ports=spec][,udp-ports=spec]
          [,param=list]
                configure a passt network backend with ID 'str'
                if 'path' is not provided 'passt' will be started according to PATH
                by default, informational message of passt are not displayed (quiet=on)
                to display this message, use 'quiet=off'
                by default, passt will be started in socket-based mode, to enable vhost-mode,
                use 'vhost-user=on'
                for details on other options, refer to passt(1)
                'param' allows to pass any option defined by passt(1)
-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
         [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
         [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
         [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]
         [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
                configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
                its DHCP server and optional services
-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
         [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
         [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
         [,poll-us=n]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
                to deconfigure it
                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
                use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper) to
                configure it
                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
                use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
                use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
                use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
                use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be
                spent on busy polling for vhost net
-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
                configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
                connected to a bridge (default=br0)
                using the program 'helper (default=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper)
-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
         [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]
         [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
         [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
                configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
                an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
                Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
                L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
                VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
                standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static
                pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
              ```

- - -

### qemu-system-modules-opengl

**QEMU full system emulation binaries (OpenGL display modules)**  
 This package provides optional OpenGL display support modules for QEMU full
 system emulation (qemu-system-*) packages.  It also provides D-Bus display
 type.

**Installed size:** `836 KB`  
**How to install:** `sudo apt install qemu-system-modules-opengl`  


  
 Dependencies:
  

libc6
libepoxy0
libgbm1
libglib2.0-0t64
libpixman-1-0
libvirglrenderer1
qemu-system-common






- - -

### qemu-system-modules-spice

**QEMU full system emulation binaries (spice display modules)**  
 This package provides optional spice display (qxl and spice-app) and audio
 support modules for QEMU full system emulation (qemu-system-*) packages.

**Installed size:** `294 KB`  
**How to install:** `sudo apt install qemu-system-modules-spice`  


  
 Dependencies:
  

libc6
libglib2.0-0t64
libpixman-1-0
libspice-server1
qemu-system-common
qemu-system-modules-opengl






- - -

### qemu-system-ppc

**QEMU full system emulation binaries (ppc)**  
 QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports
 PowerPC emulation. By using dynamic translation it achieves
 reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host CPUs.
  
 This package provides the full system emulation binaries to emulate
 the following PowerPC hardware: ppc (powerpc) ppc64 (ppc64le ppc64el).
  
 In system emulation mode QEMU emulates a full system, including a processor
 and various peripherals.  It enables easier testing and debugging of system
 code.  It can also be used to provide virtual hosting of several virtual
 machines on a single server.

**Installed size:** `34.38 MB`  
**How to install:** `sudo apt install qemu-system-ppc`  


  
 Dependencies:
  

libaio1t64
libbpf1
libc6
libcapstone5
libfdt1
libfuse3-4
libglib2.0-0t64
libgnutls30t64
libibverbs1
libjpeg62-turbo
libnuma1
libpixman-1-0
libpmem1
libpng16-16t64
librdmacm1t64
libsasl2-2
libseccomp2
libslirp0
libudev1
liburing2
libvdeplug2t64
libzstd1
qemu-system-common
qemu-system-data
zlib1g





##### qemu-system-powerpc

QEMU User Documentation

root@kali:~# qemu-system-powerpc -h QEMU emulator version 10.2.1 (Debian 1:10.2.1+ds-1) Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers usage: qemu-system-powerpc [options] [disk_image]

‘disk_image’ is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0

Standard options: -h or -help display this help and exit -version display version information and exit -machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,…]] selects emulated machine (’-machine help’ for list) property accel=accel1[:accel2[:…]] selects accelerator supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg (default: tcg) vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto) dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on) mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on) aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on) dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on) suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off) nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off) memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none) hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off) spcr=on|off controls ACPI SPCR support (default=on) aux-ram-share=on|off allocate auxiliary guest RAM as shared (default: off) memory-backend=‘backend-id’ specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none) cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity] smp-cache.0.cache=cachename,smp-cache.0.topology=topologylevel sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid -cpu cpu select CPU (’-cpu help’ for list) -accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,…]] select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx, mshv or tcg; use ‘help’ for a list) igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off) kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on) kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block) split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping) tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size) dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0) eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only) notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only) thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG) device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm) -smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets] [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores] [,threads=threads] set the number of initial CPUs to ’n’ [default=1] maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including offline CPUs for hotplug, etc drawers= number of drawers on the machine board books= number of books in one drawer sockets= number of sockets in one book dies= number of dies in one socket clusters= number of clusters in one die modules= number of modules in one cluster cores= number of cores in one module threads= number of threads in one core Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will sequentially mean as below: sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board cores means the number of cores in one socket threads means the number of threads in one core For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing. -numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node] -numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node] -numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance -numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z] -numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw] -numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size] -add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque] Add ‘fd’ to fd ‘set’ -set group.id.arg=value set parameter for item of type i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image -global driver.property=value -global driver=driver,property=property,value=value set a global default for a driver property -boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off] [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off] ‘drives’: floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n) ‘sp_name’: the file’s name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on ‘sp_time’: the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms ‘rb_timeout’: the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms -m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size] configure guest RAM size: initial amount of guest memory slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none) maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none) Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity -mem-path FILE provide backing storage for guest RAM -mem-prealloc preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path) -k language use keyboard layout (for example ‘fr’ for French) -audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,…]] specifies default audio backend when audiodev is not used to create a machine or sound device; options are the same as for -audiodev -audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,…]] specifies the audio backend and device to use; apart from ‘model’, options are the same as for -audiodev. use ‘-audio model=help’ to show possible devices. -audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,…]] specifies the audio backend to use Use -audiodev help to list the available drivers id= identifier of the backend timer-period= timer period in microseconds in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32 in|out.voices= number of voices to use in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds -audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,…]] dummy driver that discards all output -audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,…]] in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts -audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,…]] in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode try-mmap= try using memory mapped access exclusive= open device in exclusive mode dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode -audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,…]] server= PulseAudio server address in|out.name= source/sink device name in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds -audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,…]] in|out.name= source/sink device name in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds -audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,…]] in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers -audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,…]] -audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,…]] -audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,…]] path= path of wav file to record -device driver[,prop[=value][,…]] add device (based on driver) prop=value,… sets driver properties use ‘-device help’ to print all possible drivers use ‘-device driver,help’ to print all possible properties -name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off] set the name of the guest string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API. -uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x specify machine UUID

Block device options: -fda/-fdb file use ‘file’ as floppy disk 0/1 image -hda/-hdb file use ‘file’ as hard disk 0/1 image -hdc/-hdd file use ‘file’ as hard disk 2/3 image -cdrom file use ‘file’ as CD-ROM image -blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap] [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off] [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off] [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap] [,driver specific parameters…] configure a block backend -drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i] [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f] [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report] [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name] [,aio=threads|native|io_uring] [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off] [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap] [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]] [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]] [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]] [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]] [[,iops_size=is]] [[,group=g]] use ‘file’ as a drive image -mtdblock file use ‘file’ as on-board Flash memory image -sd file use ‘file’ as SecureDigital card image -snapshot write to temporary files instead of disk image files -fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode] [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]] [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]] [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]] [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]] [[,throttling.iops-size=is]] -fsdev synth,id=id -virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn] -virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on] -iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id] [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE] [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn] [,timeout=timeout] iSCSI session parameters

USB convenience options: -usb enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default) -usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device ’name’

Display options: -display spice-app[,gl=on|off] -display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=][,show-cursor=on|off] [,window-close=on|off] -display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off] [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off] [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off] -display vnc=[,] -display curses[,charset=] -display egl-headless[,rendernode=] -display dbus[,addr=] [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=] -display none select display backend type The default display is equivalent to “-display gtk” -nographic disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console -spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=

- - -

##### qemu-system-ppc

QEMU User Documentation

- - -

##### qemu-system-ppc64

QEMU User Documentation

- - -

##### qemu-system-ppc64el

QEMU User Documentation

- - -

##### qemu-system-ppc64le

QEMU User Documentation

- - -

### qemu-system-riscv

**QEMU full system emulation binaries (riscv)**  
 QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports
 riscv emulation. By using dynamic translation it achieves
 reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host CPUs.
  
 This package provides the full system emulation binaries to emulate
 the following riscv hardware: riscv32 riscv64.

**Installed size:** `33.84 MB`  
**How to install:** `sudo apt install qemu-system-riscv`  


  
 Dependencies:
  

libaio1t64
libbpf1
libc6
libcapstone5
libfdt1
libfuse3-4
libglib2.0-0t64
libgnutls30t64
libibverbs1
libjpeg62-turbo
libnuma1
libpixman-1-0
libpmem1
libpng16-16t64
librdmacm1t64
libsasl2-2
libseccomp2
libslirp0
libudev1
liburing2
libvdeplug2t64
libzstd1
opensbi
qemu-system-common
qemu-system-data
zlib1g





##### qemu-system-riscv32

QEMU User Documentation

- - -

##### qemu-system-riscv64

QEMU User Documentation

- - -

### qemu-system-s390x

**QEMU full system emulation binaries (s390x)**  
 QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports
 s390x emulation. By using dynamic translation it achieves reasonable
 speed while being easy to port on new host CPUs.
  
 This package provides the full system emulation binaries to emulate
 the following s390x hardware: s390x.
  
 In system emulation mode QEMU emulates a full system, including a processor
 and various peripherals.  It enables easier testing and debugging of system
 code.  It can also be used to provide virtual hosting of several virtual
 machines on a single server.

**Installed size:** `12.86 MB`  
**How to install:** `sudo apt install qemu-system-s390x`  


  
 Dependencies:
  

libaio1t64
libbpf1
libc6
libcapstone5
libfuse3-4
libglib2.0-0t64
libgnutls30t64
libibverbs1
libjpeg62-turbo
libnuma1
libpixman-1-0
libpmem1
libpng16-16t64
librdmacm1t64
libsasl2-2
libseccomp2
libslirp0
libudev1
liburing2
libvdeplug2t64
libzstd1
qemu-system-common
qemu-system-data
zlib1g





##### qemu-system-s390x

QEMU User Documentation

- - -

### qemu-system-sparc

**QEMU full system emulation binaries (sparc)**  
 QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports
 SPARC emulation. By using dynamic translation it achieves
 reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host CPUs.
  
 This package provides the full system emulation binaries to emulate
 the following sparc hardware: sparc sparc64.
  
 In system emulation mode QEMU emulates a full system, including a processor
 and various peripherals.  It enables easier testing and debugging of system
 code.  It can also be used to provide virtual hosting of several virtual
 machines on a single server.

**Installed size:** `22.53 MB`  
**How to install:** `sudo apt install qemu-system-sparc`  


  
 Dependencies:
  

libaio1t64
libbpf1
libc6
libcapstone5
libfuse3-4
libglib2.0-0t64
libgnutls30t64
libibverbs1
libjpeg62-turbo
libnuma1
libpixman-1-0
libpmem1
libpng16-16t64
librdmacm1t64
libsasl2-2
libseccomp2
libslirp0
libudev1
liburing2
libvdeplug2t64
libzstd1
qemu-system-common
qemu-system-data
zlib1g





##### qemu-system-sparc

QEMU User Documentation

- - -

##### qemu-system-sparc64

QEMU User Documentation

- - -

### qemu-system-x86

**QEMU full system emulation binaries (x86)**  
 QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports
 i386 and x86-64 emulation. By using dynamic translation it achieves
 reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host CPUs.
  
 This package provides the full system emulation binaries to emulate
 the following x86 hardware: i386 x86_64 (amd64).
  
 In system emulation mode QEMU emulates a full system, including a processor
 and various peripherals.  It enables easier testing and debugging of system
 code.  It can also be used to provide virtual hosting of several virtual
 machines on a single server.
  
 On x86 host hardware this package also enables KVM kernel virtual machine
 usage on systems which supports it.

**Installed size:** `65.92 MB`  
**How to install:** `sudo apt install qemu-system-x86`  


  
 Dependencies:
  

ipxe-qemu
libaio1t64
libbpf1
libc6
libcapstone5
libfdt1
libfuse3-4
libglib2.0-0t64
libgnutls30t64
libibverbs1
libjpeg62-turbo
libnuma1
libpixman-1-0
libpmem1
libpng16-16t64
librdmacm1t64
libsasl2-2
libseccomp2
libslirp0
libudev1
liburing2
libvdeplug2t64
libzstd1
qemu-system-common
qemu-system-data
seabios
zlib1g





##### kvm

QEMU User Documentation

- - -

##### qemu-system-amd64

QEMU User Documentation

- - -

##### qemu-system-i386

QEMU User Documentation

- - -

##### qemu-system-x86_64

QEMU User Documentation

- - -

##### qemu-system-x86_64-microvm

QEMU User Documentation

- - -

### qemu-system-xen

**QEMU full system emulation (Xen helper package)**  
 This package provides the i386 system emulation binary to work
 together with the Xen hypervisor for some types of DomUs.
 This package is not useful by its own.

**Installed size:** `25.36 MB`  
**How to install:** `sudo apt install qemu-system-xen`  


  
 Dependencies:
  

ipxe-qemu
libc6
libfdt1
libglib2.0-0t64
libgmp10
libhogweed6t64
libjpeg62-turbo
libnettle8t64
libpixman-1-0
libsasl2-2
libspice-server1
libusb-1.0-0
libxendevicemodel1
libxenevtchn1
libxenforeignmemory1
libxengnttab1
libxenmisc4.20
libxenstore4
libxentoolcore1
qemu-system-data
seabios
zlib1g






- - -

### qemu-user

**QEMU user mode emulation (static binaries)**  
 QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports Alpha, ARM,
 CRIS, i386, LoongArch, M68k (ColdFire), MicroBlaze, MIPS, PowerPC, RISC-V,
 S390x, SH4, SPARC, x86-64, Xtensa and other emulations. By using dynamic
 translation it achieves reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host
 CPUs.
  
 This package provides statically linked user mode emulation binaries.
 In user mode QEMU can launch Linux processes compiled for one CPU
 on another CPU.
  
 If qemu-user-binfmt package is also installed, it will register binary
 format handlers from this qemu-user package with the kernel automatically
 so it will be possible to run foreign binaries directly.  Without
 qemu-user-binfmt, it is possible to register certain binfmt(s) by installing
 symbolic links to /usr/share/qemu/binfmt.d/*.conf in /etc/binfmt.d/.

**Installed size:** `453.34 MB`  
**How to install:** `sudo apt install qemu-user`  

##### qemu-aarch64

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-aarch64_be

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-alpha

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-amd64

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-arm

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-arm64

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-armeb

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-armel

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-armhf

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-hexagon

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-hppa

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-i386

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-loong64

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-loongarch64

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-m68k

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-microblaze

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-microblazeel

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-mips

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-mips64

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-mips64el

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-mipsel

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-mipsn32

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-mipsn32el

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-or1k

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-powerpc

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-ppc

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-ppc64

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-ppc64el

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-ppc64le

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-riscv32

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-riscv64

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-s390x

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-sh4

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-sh4eb

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-sparc

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-sparc32plus

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-sparc64

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-x86_64

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-xtensa

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

##### qemu-xtensaeb

QEMU User Emulator (static version)

- - -

### qemu-user-binfmt

**QEMU user mode binfmt registration for qemu-user**  
 QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports Alpha, ARM,
 CRIS, i386, LoongArch, M68k (ColdFire), MicroBlaze, MIPS, PowerPC, RISC-V,
 S390x, SH4, SPARC, x86-64, Xtensa and other emulations. By using dynamic
 translation it achieves reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host
 CPUs.
  
 This package provides binfmt support registration for the user-mode emulation
 binaries from qemu-user.  This package does not contain additional binaries,
 just (sym)links to binfmt registration data in /usr/lib/binfmt.d/ so it is
 picked up automatically by, eg, systemd.  Actual files are provided by
 qemu-user package.

**Installed size:** `39 KB`  
**How to install:** `sudo apt install qemu-user-binfmt`  


  
 Dependencies:
  

qemu-user






- - -

### qemu-utils

**QEMU utilities**  
 QEMU is a fast processor emulator: currently the package supports Alpha, ARM,
 CRIS, i386, LoongArch, M68k (ColdFire), MicroBlaze, MIPS, PowerPC, RISC-V,
 S390x, SH4, SPARC, x86-64, Xtensa and other emulations. By using dynamic
 translation it achieves reasonable speed while being easy to port on new host
 CPUs.
  
 This package provides QEMU related utilities:
  * qemu-img: QEMU disk image utility
  * qemu-io:  QEMU disk exerciser
  * qemu-nbd: QEMU disk network block device server

**Installed size:** `11.87 MB`  
**How to install:** `sudo apt install qemu-utils`  


  
 Dependencies:
  

libaio1t64
libc6
libfuse3-4
libglib2.0-0t64
libgnutls30t64
libnuma1
libselinux1
liburing2
libzstd1
zlib1g





##### qemu-img

QEMU disk image utility

- - -

##### qemu-io

QEMU Disk exerciser

- - -

##### qemu-nbd

QEMU Disk Network Block Device Server

- - -

##### qemu-storage-daemon

QEMU storage daemon

- - -

Learn more with OffSec

Want to learn more about qemu? get access to in-depth training and hands-on labs:

• Low Level Programming - ARM Skill Path